Ernest Hemingway, nacido en 1899 en Illinois, es una de las principales figuras de la mitología de la primera parte del siglo xx, no sólo gracias a su obra literaria sino también a la leyenda que se formó en torno a su azarosa vida y a su trágica muerte. Hombre aventurero y amante del riesgo, a los diecinueve años se enroló en la Primera Guerra Mundial como miembro de la Cruz Roja. Participó en la guerra civil española y otros conflictos bélicos en calidad de corresponsal. Estas experiencias, así como sus viajes por África, se reflejan en varias de sus obras. En la década de los años veinte se instaló en París, donde conoció los ambientes literarios de vanguardia. Más tarde vivió también en lugares retirados de Cuba o Estados Unidos, donde pudo no sólo escribir sino también dedicarse a una de sus grandes aficiones, un tema recurrente en su producción literaria: la pesca. En 1954 obtuvo el Premio Nobel. Siete años más tarde, sumido en una profunda depresión, se quitó la vida. Entre sus novelas destacan Adiós a las armas, Por quién doblan las campanas y Fiesta. A raíz de un encargo de la revista Life escribió El viejo y el mar, por la que recibió el Premio Pulitzer.
Biography
Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), born in Oak Park, Illinois, started his career as a writer in a newspaper office in Kansas City at the age of seventeen. Before the United States entered the First World War, he joined a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian army. Serving at the front, he was wounded, was decorated by the Italian Government, and spent considerable time in hospitals. After his return to the United States, he became a reporter for Canadian and American newspapers and was soon sent back to Europe to cover such events as the Greek Revolution. During the twenties, Hemingway became a member of the group of expatriate Americans in Paris, which he described in his first important work, The Sun Also Rises (1926). Equally successful was A Farewell to Arms (1929), the study of an American ambulance officer's disillusionment in the war and his role as a deserter. Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his most ambitious novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). Among his later works, the most outstanding is the short novel, The Old Man and the Sea (1952), the story of an old fisherman's journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, and his victory in defeat.
Hemingway -- himself a great sportsman -- liked to portray soldiers, hunters, bullfighters - tough, at times primitive people whose courage and honesty are set against the brutal ways of modern society, and who in this confrontation lose hope and faith. His straightforward prose, his spare dialogue, and his predilection for understatement are particularly effective in his short stories, some of which are collected in Men Without Women (1927) and The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938). Hemingway died in Idaho in 1961.
© The Nobel Foundation 1954.