The Education of Booker T. Washington: American Democracy and the Idea of Race Relations

Booker T. Washington has long held an ambiguous position in the pantheon of black leadership. Lauded by some in his own lifetime as a black George Washington, he was also derided by others as a Benedict Arnold. In The Education of Booker T. Washington, Michael West offers a major reinterpretation of one of the most complex and controversial figures in American history. West reveals the personal and political dimensions of Washington's journey "up from slavery." He explains why Washington's ideas resonated so strongly in the post-Reconstruction era and considers their often negative influence in the continuing struggle for equality in the United States. West's work also establishes a groundwork for understanding the ideological origins of the civil rights movement and discusses Washington's views on the fate of race and nation in light of those of Thomas Jefferson, Frederick Douglass, Martin Luther King Jr., and others.

West argues that Washington's analysis was seen as offering a "solution" to the problem of racial oppression in a nation professing its belief in democracy. That solution was the idea of "race relations." In practice, this theory buttressed segregation by supposing that African Americans could prosper within Jim Crow's walls and without the normal levers by which other Americans pursued their interests. Washington did not, West contends, imagine a way to perfect democracy and an end to the segregationist policies of southern states. Instead, he offered an ideology that would obscure the injustices of segregation and preserve some measure of racial peace.

White Americans, by embracing Washington's views, could comfortably find a way out of the moral and political contradictions raised by the existence of segregation in a supposedly democratic society. This was (and is) Washington's legacy: a form of analysis, at once obvious and concealed, that continues to prohibit the realization of a truly democratic politics.

Columbia University Press

In this major reconsideration of Booker T. Washington's life and thought, Michael Rudolph West explores why Washington's ideas resonated so strongly in the post-Reconstruction era and considers their often negative influence on the ongoing struggle for equality in the United States. According to West, Washington's "race relations" offered a "solution" to the problem of racial oppression in a nation professing its belief in democracy. In practice, though, his theories lent support to the supposition that African Americans could prosper under Jim Crow without the normal levers by which other Americans pursued their interests. West contends that Washington did not seek to end the segregationist policies of southern states. Instead, he offered an ideology that would obscure the injustices of segregation and preserve some measure of racial peace. By embracing Washington's views, white Americans could then resolve the contradictions raised by segregation in a supposedly democratic society. This was (and is) Washington's legacy: a form of racial analysis, at once obvious and concealed, that continues to prohibit the realization of a truly democratic politics.

Publishers Weekly

In this illuminating intellectual biography, Holy Cross historian and Africana Studies director West presents the "intertwined history of an idea and a man": Booker T. Washington as the progenitor of "race relations." Challenging the existing historiography on the Tuskegee Institute founder who legitimized the Jim Crow system, West argues that he was not simply a "black conservative" or a pragmatist, but rather "a man whose ambition to lead black people became entangled in the treacherous shoals of the post-reconstruction era Negro problem." Specifically-and provocatively-West argues that Washington was seen as "the Negro leader" by whites because he argued that democracy and segregation, two clearly contradictory ideas, could coexist, thereby defusing racial tension but also replacing the cause of justice with an amorphous promise of "progress." West's study stands out for its innovative argument as well as the author's deep personal investment in the subject matter and his evocative, even lyrical prose style. Furthermore, this valuable investigation illustrates the presence of Washington's ideas "at the back of the civil rights era's dramatic unfolding and ambiguous result," showing how intractable and serious the problem of racial injustice remains. (Feb.) Copyright 2005 Reed Business Information.

Michael Rudolph West is associate professor of history and director of Africana Studies at the College of the Holy Cross.