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Labor Leaders, Activists, & Social Reformers, Historical Biography, Peoples & Cultures - Biography, Political Biography, Africana - African Diaspora (outside U.S.), Caribbean & West Indian History
Toussaint Louverture: A Biography by Madison Smartt Bell — book cover

Toussaint Louverture: A Biography

by Madison Smartt Bell
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Overview

At the end of the 1700s, French Saint Domingue was the richest and most brutal colony in the Western Hemisphere. A mere twelve years later, however, Haitian rebels had defeated the Spanish, British, and French and declared independence after the first-and only-successful slave revolt in history. Much of the success of the revolution must be credited to one man, Toussaint Louverture, a figure about whom surprisingly little is known. In this fascinating biography, Madison Smartt Bell, award-winning author of a trilogy of novels that investigate Haiti's history, combines a novelist's passion with a deep knowledge of the historical milieu that produced the man labeled a saint, a martyr, or a clever opportunist who instigated one of the most violent events in modern history. The first biography in English in more than sixty years about the man who led the Haitian Revolution, this is an engaging reexamination of controversial, paradoxical leader.

Synopsis

At the end of the 1700s, French Saint Domingue was the richest and most brutal colony in the Western Hemisphere. A mere twelve years later, however, Haitian rebels had defeated the Spanish, British, and French and declared independence after the first—and only—successful slave revolt in history. Much of the success of the revolution must be credited to one man, Toussaint Louverture, a figure about whom surprisingly little is known. In this fascinating biography, Madison Smartt Bell, award-winning author of a trilogy of novels that investigate Haiti’s history, combines a novelist’s passion with a deep knowledge of the historical milieu that produced the man labeled a saint, a martyr, or a clever opportunist who instigated one of the most violent events in modern history.

The first biography in English in over sixty years of the man who led the Haitian Revolution, this is an engaging reexamination of the controversial, paradoxical leader.

The New York Times - Adam Hochschild

… this is the best biography of Toussaint yet, in large part because Bell does not shy away from the man's contradictions. Although a former slave, he had owned slaves himself. Although he led a great slave revolt, he was desperate to trade export crops for defense supplies and so imposed a militarized forced labor system that was slavery in all but name. He was simultaneously a devout Catholic, a Freemason and a secret practitioner of voodoo. And although the monarchs of Europe regarded him with unalloyed horror, he in effect turned himself into one of them by fashioning a constitution making himself his country's dictator for life, with the right to name his successor.

About the Author, Madison Smartt Bell

Whether he's writing about the Haitian Revolution or a white Tae Kwon Do teacher in the Baltimore ghetto, Madison Smartt Bell can be extraordinarily flexible while maintaining his simple but poetic way with language. As the New York Times Book Review once put it, "[Bell] has an uncanny understanding of the way many people must struggle to live."

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Editorials

Adam Hochschild

… this is the best biography of Toussaint yet, in large part because Bell does not shy away from the man’s contradictions. Although a former slave, he had owned slaves himself. Although he led a great slave revolt, he was desperate to trade export crops for defense supplies and so imposed a militarized forced labor system that was slavery in all but name. He was simultaneously a devout Catholic, a Freemason and a secret practitioner of voodoo. And although the monarchs of Europe regarded him with unalloyed horror, he in effect turned himself into one of them by fashioning a constitution making himself his country’s dictator for life, with the right to name his successor.
— The New York Times

Publishers Weekly

Author of an acclaimed trilogy of novels charting the Haitian revolution of 1791-1803 (All Soul's Rising, Master of the Crossroads and The Stone That the Builder Refused), Bell is eminently qualified to write a biography of that struggle's central figure, Toussaint-Louverture. Beginning with a pithy overview of 18th-century colonial Haiti, taking in its harsh Spanish- and French-controlled slave plantations and its complex systems of race and class, Bell trawls documentary sources to trace Toussaint's stealthy emergence as a revolutionary leader. The author emphasizes Toussaint's unusual status as a free black man of property who commanded trust and authority among both blacks and whites. Sifting hard evidence out of the heaps of conjecture that surround his subject, Bell examines Toussaint's royal African origins, questions of his literacy, and the relationship between his outward Catholicism and the Vodou beliefs in which he was immersed. With scholarly conscientiousness, Bell examines differing historical accounts of Toussaint's military and diplomatic campaigns, comparing Toussaint's "meteoric trajectory" to that of Napoleon Bonaparte before describing Toussaint's demise in a Napoleonic prison. Since then, Bell comments, writers and politicians "have constructed whatever Toussaint Louverture they require"-usually, he adds, a vicious one. Bell's own contribution avoids mythology without detracting from the achievements of Toussaint-Louverture's dramatic career. (Jan. 16) Copyright 2006 Reed Business Information.

Library Journal

Toussaint Louverture is a historical figure more enigmatic and elusive than most. Born a slave in French-controlled Haiti, he rose to prominence as a leader in the Haitian Revolution in the late 18th century. With a strong belief in the principles of the French Revolution, he survived French, Spanish, and British occupations yet was captured in 1802 and sent to France, where he died in confinement a year later. Bell (All Souls Rising), widely reputed for his fictional trilogy about Haiti and Toussaint, brings his considerable skills to nonfiction, producing a solid biography. Bell's Toussaint is an opportunist, a survivor of countless bloodless victories, hated (and feared) by his enemies, held in godlike esteem by Haiti's slave population, yet a contradiction, sketched by many but seen by few. Bell uses Toussaint's written record and a handful of eyewitness accounts to deliver a thoughtful historical analysis of this man—who was larger in death than in life. Highly recommended for academic and larger public libraries.
—Boyd Childress

Kirkus Reviews

A sympathetic and sometimes necessarily speculative biography of the Haitian leader whose military and political acumen made possible the independence of his country-although he died in a French prison before the official declaration on Jan. 1, 1804. Bell (English/Goucher Coll.; The Stone That the Builder Refused, 2004, etc.) artfully and gracefully assembles the wispy, elusive threads of Toussaint's tale. He begins with background about Columbus' arrival on the island he called Hispaniola and proceeds with a brief analysis of the importing of African slaves to work on the sugar plantations. Bell notes that we know little about Toussaint's early years (spent on a plantation, where he worked with horses), but by the time the revolution exploded in 1791, he'd been free for about 15 years and had owned slaves himself. Bell astutely follows the complicated geo-politics involved in the revolution. England, France, Spain, the United States-all had an interest in the region; all, at one time or another, had land and/or naval forces near or on the island. And to varying extents, Toussaint allied himself with all of them, though he always, Bell persuasively argues, sought the abolition of slavery. Toussaint emerges as both accommodating (he endeavored to keep the plantation system-though with paid laborers) and sanguinary (he did not hesitate to order executions). Bell highlights the many parallels between the careers and capabilities of Napoleon and Toussaint; he shows how foreign military involvement can result in tragedy for all; he comments intelligently on the relationships between Voodoo and Catholicism. An informed correction to biographies that have demonized or lionized Toussaint. Note:Bell's documentation is erratic; sometimes he identifies his sources, sometimes he doesn't. Agent: Jane Gelfman/Gelfman Schneider Literary Agents Inc.

Book Details

Published
January 1, 2008
Publisher
Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group
Pages
352
Format
Paperback
ISBN
9781400079353

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